Health

‘Astonishing’ result in drug trial: First time, cancer vanishes in every patient

It was a small trial, just 18 rectal cancer patients, every one of whom took the same drug. But the results were astonishing. The cancer vanished in every single patient, undetectable physical exam, endoscopy, PET scans or MRI scans.
Dr Luis A Diaz Jr of Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, an author of a paper published Sunday in the New England Journal of Medicine describing the results, which were sponsored the drug company GlaxoSmithKline, said he knew of no other study in which a treatment completely obliterated a cancer in every patient.
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“I believe this is the first time this has happened in the hory of cancer,” Dr Diaz said.
Dr Alan P Venook, a colorectal cancer special at the University of California, San Francisco, who was not involved with the study, said he also thought this was a first.
A complete remission in every single patient is “unheard-of,” he said.
These rectal cancer patients had faced grueling treatments — chemotherapy, radiation and, most likely, life-altering surgery that could result in bowel, urinary and sexual dysfunction. Some would need colostomy bags.
They entered the study thinking that, when it was over, they would have to undergo those procedures because no one really expected their tumors to disappear.
But they got a surprise: No further treatment was necessary.
“There were a lot of happy tears,” said Dr Andrea Cercek, an oncolog at Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center and a co-author of the paper, which was presented Sunday at the annual meeting of the American Society of Clinical Oncology.
Another surprise, Dr Venook added, was that none of the patients had clinically significant complications.
On average, one in five patients have some sort of adverse reaction to drugs like the one the patients took, dostarlimab, known as checkpoint inhibitors. The medication was given every three weeks for six months and cost about $11,000 per dose. It un- masks cancer cells, allowing the immune system to identify and destroy them.
While most adverse reactions are easily managed, as many as 3 per cent to 5 per cent of patients who take checkpoint inhibitors have more severe complications that, in some cases, result in muscle weakness and difficulty swallowing and chewing.
The absence of significant side effects, Dr Venook said, means “either they did not treat enough patients or, somehow, these cancers are just plain different.”
In an editorial accompanying the paper, Dr Hanna K Sanoff of the University of North Carolina’s Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, who was not involved in the study, called it “small but compelling.” She added, though, that it is not clear if the patients are cured.
“Very little is known about the duration of time needed to find out whether a clinical complete response to dostarlimab equates to cure,” Dr Sanoff said.
Dr Kimmie Ng, a colorectal cancer expert at Harvard Medical School, said that while the results were “remarkable” and “unprecedented,” they would need to be replicated.
The inspiration for the rectal cancer study came from a clinical trial Dr Diaz led in 2017 that Merck, the drugmaker, funded. It involved 86 people with metastatic cancer that originated in vari- ous parts of their bodies. But the cancers all shared a gene mutation that prevented cells from repairing damage to DNA. These mutations occur in 4 per cent of all cancer patients.
Patients in that trial took a Merck checkpoint inhibitor, pembrolizumab, for up to two years. Tumors shrank or stabilized in about one-third to one-half of the patients, and they lived longer. Tumors vanished in 10 per cent of the trial’s participants.
That led Dr Cercek and Dr Diaz to ask: What would happen if the drug were used much earlier in the course of disease, before the cancer had a chance to spread?
A small biotechnology firm, Tesaro, agreed to sponsor their study. Tesaro was bought GlaxoSmithKline.
Their first patient was Sascha Roth, who was 38 in 2019.
After bing detected with cancer, she was scheduled to start chemotherapy at Georgetown University, but a friend had insed she first see Dr Philip Paty at Memorial Sloan Kettering. Dr Paty told her he was almost certain her cancer included the mu- tation that made it unlikely to respond well to chemotherapy. Roth was eligible to enter the clinical trial. If she had started chemotherapy, she would not have been.
After the trial, Dr Cercek gave her the news. “We looked at your scans,” she said. “There is absolutely no cancer.” She did not need any further treatment.
“I told my family,” Ms. Roth said. “They didn’t believe me.” But two years later, she still does not

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