Sept. 11 prosecutors are in plea talks that could avert a death penalty trial

Prosecutors have opened talks with lawyers for Khalid Sheikh Mohammed, the accused mastermind of the Sept. 11, 2001, attacks, and his four co-defendants to negotiate a potential plea agreement that would drop the possibility of execution, according to people with knowledge of the discussions.
Guilty pleas in exchange for life sentences could bring to an end the long-running case at the war court, which was set up the George W. Bush adminration and has been mired in pretrial proceedings focusing on the CIA’s torture of the defendants. Nearly a decade after the men were arraigned, the military judge has set no trial start date.
No deal is expected soon. But guilty pleas resulting in life sentences could force the Biden adminration to modify its ambition of ending detention operations at Guantánamo Bay and instead rebrand it as a military prison for a few men.

In an earlier, failed attempt at such talks during the Trump adminration, the accused plotters demanded that they serve their sentences at Guantánamo, where they are able to pray and eat in groups. They specifically did not want to be sent to the supermax prison in Florence, Colorado, where federal inmates are held in solitary confinement up to 23 hours a day.
The five men are accused of directing and training or providing travel arrangements and money to the 19 hijackers who crashed four commercial aircraft into the World Trade Center, the Pentagon and a field in Pennsylvania, killing nearly 3,000 people.
A plea deal would undoubtedly disappoint, if not enrage, death penalty advocates among the victims’ family members. But other family members, including those troubled the role of U.S. torture in the case and the delays, might see it as a fitting conclusion.
The path to a trial for the accused plotters of the worst terror attack in the United States has been impeded legal and logic challenges as well as a nearly two-year closure of the court during the coronavirus pandemic.
The discussions began last week amid the latest setback. The judge, defense and prosecution teams had traveled to Guantánamo Bay for three weeks of hearings meant to address disputes over evidence, particularly showing the role of the FBI in the CIA prison network where Mohammed and his co-defendants were tortured after they were captured in Pakan in 2002 and 2003.
But before they could start, Cheryl Bormann, the lead lawyer for one of the defendants, Walid bin Attash, asked to step down from the case. She cited an unspecified in-house investigation of her “performance and conduct” the chief defense counsel, Brig. Gen. Jackie L. Thompson Jr. of the Army.
A detention facility at Guantanamo Bay Naval Base in Cuba on Sept. 20, 2021. Prosecutors have opened talks with lawyers for Khalid Shaikh Mohammed and his four co-defendants to negotiate a potential plea agreement that would drop the possibility of execution, according to people with knowledge of the discussions. (Erin Schaff/The New York Times)
No details were given. But the issue forced a delay in hearings that could stretch for months and provided an opening, according to a participant in the talks between the prosecution and the defense.
A lead case prosecutor, Clayton G. Trivett Jr., wrote on Wednesday to the defense teams proposing that they discuss “whether pretrial agreements are possible for all five cases.”
“While I cannot guarantee that we will come to terms over these next two weeks,” Trivett said in an email, “putting a concerted effort focused solely on possible agreements while we are all onboard Guantánamo, where your clients and teams are present, may be our best chance of at least determining if deals can be reached.”
Within days, the five defendants and their lawyers met in the courtroom to compile an initial l of requirements for the guilty plea, starting with removing the death penalty from the case. Lawyers for the five men submitted a joint l on Monday, participants said.
Although the prosecutors have begun the negotiations, a senior Pentagon official known as the convening authority must approve any deal. That role is currently held Col. Jeffrey D. Wood of the Arkansas National Guard, who is also a lawyer in Little Rock, Arkansas, and was appointed to the civilian job the Trump adminration. Participants said the talks were expected to continue through the month to try to reach some understandings to present to Wood.
The interim chief prosecutor, Col. George C. Kraehe of the Army, declined to comment, as did the chief defense counsel, Thompson.
Both men are new to their jobs. Kraehe was mobilized to the job from the Justice Department in October. Thompson, who runs the defense office but represents no single defendant, took over on Jan. 1.
A month later, Thompson wrote President Joe Biden to introduce himself, according to a person familiar with the matter. The general described the challenges that the military commissions system had experienced in getting cases to trial and proposed a new effort to improve relations between prosecutors and the defense, which were strained and not conducive to plea negotiations.
In early March, a lawyer at the National Security Council wrote back to Thompson that the adminration would not be taking a position on any of the cases, according to a senior adminration official. The letter specifically did not take a position on plea deals — not endorsing the idea but not discouraging it, either.
Instead, the official described the letter as saying that Biden remained dedicated to responsibly reducing the detainee population at Guantánamo, which currently has 38 prisoners from the roughly 780 who were brought there from 2002 to 2008. Ten are charged but have yet to be tried.
The White House’s letter said that reducing the population could include resolving the pending military commissions cases through pretrial agreements, if appropriate, according to the official. But the letter also stressed that the White House would not prescribe what to do with any particular case or otherwise interfere with the process.
Caroline Krass, the general counsel of the Defense Department, was copied on the reply, the National Security Council lawyer said.
It is not clear what happened next. But on March 4, Kraehe met video conference with the lead lawyers in all current prosecutions and told them his case prosecutors had the authority to begin negotiations.
Advocates for closure have suggested that some of the men who face charges could serve their sentences in the custody of another country. Convictions through plea deals might also persuade Congress — which forbids the transfer of detainees to the United States — to lift the restriction for the purpose of incarcerating inmates who have been convicted in secure, more efficient settings.
During the Trump adminration, the convening authority, Harvey Rishikof, was exploring the idea of plea agreements. Attorney General Jeff Sessions found out about the talks, testimony in court showed, and called Defense Secretary James Mattis, demanding that there be no deal. Mattis then fired Rishikof, citing unrelated reasons.
A core issue is how many of the defendants beside Mohammed would serve life sentences without possibility of parole, and whether some of the accused accomplices with lesser roles in the attacks would serve shorter sentences. Lawyers for two defendants — a Saudi prisoner, Mustafa al-Hawsawi, and a Pakani national, Ammar al-Baluchi, who is Mohammed’s nephew — have described them as ignorant of the Sept. 11 plot when they helped some of the hijackers with money transfers and travel arrangements from the United Arab Emirates.
Psychologs conducting interrogations for the CIA waterboarded Mohammed 183 times; defense lawyers have pursued an overarching theory that because of its actions, the U.S. government lost the moral and legal authority to execute the defendants. Agents also kept the five defendants nude, beat them, strung them up their arms in chains and subjected them to rectal abuse and sleep deprivation during the three and four years they were held in the so-called CIA black sites before their transfer to Guantánamo in 2006.
As part of any plea agreement, the defendants would have to work with prosecutors, through their lawyers, on individual lengthy narratives known as a stipulation of fact — essentially a prosecution-approved admission of their crimes.
Once signed, the men could be brought to court for questioning the trial judge, Col. Matthew N. McCall of the Air Force, on whether they cooperated willingly with the process. Under war court law, military juries — not judges — sentence defendants who plead guilty, generally from a range set in the plea agreement. The Pentagon would need to assemble a jury of U.S. officers to hear the statements and other presentations both sides and then issue sentences, even if they are separately capped in secret pretrial agreements. That portion could span months.

People familiar with the talks said a military jury’s recent reaction to descriptions of CIA torture of another prisoner in a lesser-known case might have contributed to the willingness of prosecutors to negotiate.
In October, the jury condemned as “a stain on the moral fiber of America” the agency’s cruel treatment of Majid Khan, a confessed courier for al-Qaida, and urged the overseer of military commissions to grant clemency.