The Mikhail Gorbachev era and the collapse of the Soviet Union: Key events of a long career

Here is a timeline of some key events over the nearly seven years that Mikhail Gorbachev, who died on Tuesday at age 91, held power in the Soviet Union.
March 1985 – Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev, at 54 the youngest member of the Politburo, becomes General Secretary of the Commun Party after the death of Konstantin Chernenko. He launches programme of perestroika (restructuring) and glasnost (openness) to jerk the country out of political and economic stagnation.
November 1985 – Gorbachev and U.S. President Ronald Reagan hold their first summit in Geneva; Gorbachev says he is “”very optimic” about detente and future arms cuts.
April 1986 – Explosion at Chernol nuclear reactor spreads radioactive cloud across Europe. Soviet authorities admit it only three days later, raising doubts about glasnost.

December 1986 – Dr Andrei Sakharov, the father of the dissident movement, is released from exile after telephone call from Gorbachev – one of hundreds of political and religious dissidents freed during his rule.
May 1987 – A young German named Mathias Rust breaches Soviet air defences flying a Cessna light aircraft from Helsinki to central Moscow, landing on Red Square. Gorbachev launches a purge of top defence officials.
October 1987 – Prominent Russian reformer Boris Yeltsin clashes with Gorbachev over the pace of perestroika and leaves the ruling Politburo.
December 1987 – Gorbachev and Reagan sign the first treaty to cut nuclear arsenals in Washington. All Soviet and U.S. intermediate range missiles are to be dismantled.

October 1988 – Gorbachev consolidates power becoming chairman of presidium of the Supreme Soviet, the national legislature.
February 1989 – Nine-year Soviet military involvement in Afghanan ends. Independence movements gain momentum in the Baltic republics, Georgia and Ukraine.
March 1989 – Soviet Union holds first competitive multi-candidate elections to choose a Congress of People’s Deputies. Many prominent old guard Communs lose out to independents, and separats win majority of seats in the Baltic republics of Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania.
November 1989 – Popular revolutions sweep away commun governments in East Germany and the rest of Eastern Europe. The Soviet Union makes no attempt to intervene as its satellite regimes fall.
December 1989 – Gorbachev and U.S. President George H.W. Bush, at a summit in Malta, hail the end of the Cold War.

February 1990 – The Commun Party surrenders its guaranteed monopoly of power. Parliament agrees to give Gorbachev an executive presidency, with a big increase in powers. Pro-reform demonstrators hold huge rallies across the Soviet Union.
October 1990 – East and West Germany unite after intensive six-power negotiations in which Gorbachev plays a key role. The Soviet parliament approves plan to abandon Commun central planning of the economy in favour of a market economy. Gorbachev is awarded the Nobel Peace Prize.
November 1990 – Parliament empowers Gorbachev to issue decrees in almost all sectors of public activity. First draft of a Union Treaty proposed Gorbachev gives substantial powers to the 15 republics, but four – Latvia, Lithuania, Estonia and Georgia – refuse to sign.
January 1991 – Troops crush pro-independence demonstrations in the Baltics, killing 14 people in Lithuania and five in Latvia.
March 1991 – Referendum produces overwhelming majority for preserving Soviet Union as “renewed “federation of equal sovereign republics” but six republics boycott the vote.

April 1991 – Warsaw Pact of East European nations disbanded.
June 1991 – Boris Yeltsin elected president of Russia.
Aug. 19, 1991 – Citing Gorbachev’s alleged ill health, his deputy Gennady Yanayev takes over as president at head of hardline Commun junta. State of emergency declared in some areas. Estonian parliament declares independence.
Aug. 21 – Coup collapses, destroying conservative caucus at centre and giving a huge fillip to separats in republics. Latvian parliament declares independence.
Aug. 24 – Gorbachev resigns as leader of the Commun Party, orders seizure the state of its property, bans it from all state organisations and suggests it dissolve itself. Ukrainian parliament declares independence. Within weeks, all but Kazakhstan and Russia have done the same.

Sept. 6 – Soviet supreme legislature recognises the independence of Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia. Congress scraps 1922 Union Treaty and hands power to interim authority pending signature of treaty for a voluntary Union of Sovereign States.
Nov. 16 – Russia takes control of almost all Soviet gold and diamond reserves and of oil exports. Later it announces takeover of economic minries.
Dec. 8 – Russia, Ukraine and elorussia proclaim Commonwealth of Independent States with no role for a central authority or Gorbachev. At first he ress new order and refuses to resign. Slowly he comes round to accepting the inevitable.
Dec. 25, 1991 – Gorbachev resigns as president of the Soviet Union, which is formally dissolved the following day.