Where have all the men in Moscow gone?

Friday afternoons at the Chop-Chop Barbershop in central Moscow used to be busy, but at the beginning of a recent weekend, only one of the four chairs was occupied.
“We would usually be full right now, but about half of our customers have gone,” said the manager, a woman named Olya. Many of the clients — along with half of the barbers, too — have fled Russia to avoid President Vladimir Putin’s campaign to mobilise hundreds of thousands of men for the flagging military campaign in Ukraine.
Many men have been staying off the streets out of fear of being handed a draft notice. As Olya came to work last Friday, she said, she witnessed the authorities at each of the four exits of the metro station, checking documents.
Her boyfriend, who was a barber at the salon, has also fled, and the separation is taking a toll.
“Every day is hard,” acknowledged Olya, who like other women interviewed did not want her last name used, fearing retribution. “It is hard for me to know what to do. We always planned as a couple.”
A game of billiards at a women’s social club in MoscowÕs trendy Stoleshnikov alley on Oct. 15, 2022. “The dating pool has shrunk at least 50 percent,” one woman said. (Nanna Heitmann/The New York Times)
She is hardly alone. While there are still plenty of men in a city of 12 million people, across the capital their presence has thinned out noticeably — in restaurants, in the hipster community and at social gatherings like dinners and parties. This is especially true among the city’s intelligentsia, who often have disposable income and passports for foreign travel.
Some men who were repulsed the invasion of Ukraine left when the war broke out; others who oppose the Kremlin in general fled because they feared imprisonment or oppression. But the majority of the men who have left in recent weeks were either called up to serve in the military, wanted to avoid the draft, or worried that Russia might close the borders if Putin declared martial law.
No one knows exactly how many men have departed since Putin announced what he called his “partial mobilisation.’’ But hundreds of thousands of men are gone. Putin said Friday that at least 220,000 had been drafted.
At least 200,000 men went to neighbouring Kazakhstan, which Russians can enter without a passport, according to authorities there. Tens of thousands of others have fled to Georgia, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Israel, Argentina and Western Europe.
A Russian Orthodox priest performs a blessing for conscripted men in Moscow on Oct. 11, 2022. (Nanna Heitmann/The New York Times)
“I feel like we are a country of women now,” Stanislava, a 33-year-old photographer, said at a recent birthday party that was attended mostly women. “I was searching for male friends to help me move some furniture, and I realised almost all of them had left.”
Many married women remained in Moscow when their husbands fled, either after getting a povestka — a draft notice — or before one could arrive.
“My friends and I meet for wine, and talk and support each other, to feel that we are not alone,” said Liza, whose husband, a lawyer for a large multinational company, received a notice several days before Putin announced the mobilisation. He quit his job and escaped to a Western European country, but Liza, 43, stayed behind because their daughter is in school and all her grandparents are in Russia.
Women whose husbands were drafted also suffer from loneliness — but theirs is overshadowed fear that their spouse might not make it back alive.
A Russian conscript hugs his partner as he bids her goode at a recruiting office in Moscow on Oct. 11, 2022. (Nanna Heitmann/The New York Times)
Last week at a voenkomat, or military commissariat, in northwestern Moscow, wives, mothers, and children gathered to say goode to loved ones being shipped off to fight.
“These men are like toys in the hands of children,” said Ekaterina, 27, whose husband, Vladimir, 25, was inside collecting his rations, and moments away from being shipped off to a training camp outside Moscow. “They are just cannon fodder.” She wished he had evaded the summons, saying it would have been better for him to sit in jail for a few years than to return home dead.
If Muscovites were able to indulge in a hedonic summer in which it felt like nothing had drastically changed since the invasion of Ukraine, the situation is much different as winter sets in and the consequences of the war, including sanctions, become more evident.
On Monday, Moscow’s mayor announced that mobilisation in the capital had officially ended. But many businesses were already feeling a downturn. In the two weeks following the call-up, the number of orders in Moscow restaurants with an average check of more than 1,500 rubles — about $25 — decreased 29% over the same period last year. Sberbank, Russia’s largest lender, closed 529 branches in September alone, according to Kommersant newspaper.
A Russian Orthodox priest performs a blessing for conscripted men in Moscow on Oct. 11, 2022. (Nanna Heitmann/The New York Times)
Many downtown storefronts are empty, with “FOR RENT” signs hanging in the windows. Even Russia’s flagship airliner, Aeroflot, closed its office on chic Petrovka Street. Near, the storefront windows where Western designers had continued to change their mannequins through the summer were finally papered over.
“It reminds me of Athens in 2008,” said Alexei Ermilov, the founder of Chop-Chop, comparing Moscow to the Greek capital during the global financial crisis.
Ermilov said that of the 70 barbershops in his franchise, the ones in Moscow and St. Petersburg were most feeling the absence of men.
“We can see the massive relocation wave more in Moscow and St. Petersburg than in other cities, partially because more people have the means to leave there,” said Ermilov.
Local media report that attendance at one of the largest strip clubs in Moscow went down 60% and that there are also fewer security guards available because they had either been mobilised or fled.
Young military cadets at the World War II museum in Moscow on Oct. 13, 2022. (Nanna Heitmann/The New York Times)
Meanwhile, downloads of dating apps have significantly increased in the countries to which Russian men fled. In Armenia, the number of new regrations on one dating app, Mamba, increased 135%, a representative of the company told RBK, a Russian financial news outlet. In Georgia and Turkey the rate of new downloads was above 110%, while in Kazakhstan it was up 32%.
“All of the most reasonable guys are gone,” said Tatiana, a 36-year-old who works in technology sales, as she watched a game of billiards with her friends at a women’s social club in the trendy Stoleshnikov Lane. “The dating pool has shrunk at least 50%.”
During the summer, the alley was full of hip young Russians enjoying themselves. But on a recent Saturday night, it was relatively empty.
Tatiana said many of her clients had left, but she said she would stay. Her job doesn’t allow for remote work, and she said she didn’t want to subject her large dog to the steerage of an airplane.
A group tour at the World War II museum in Moscow on Oct. 13, 2022. (Nanna Heitmann/The New York Times)
But other Muscovites still plan to leave. Another member of the women’s club, Alisa, 21, said she had just graduated and wanted to save up enough money to leave Russia once her friends had finished their studies so they could rent a place abroad together.
“I don’t see any future here in Russia, at least not while Putin is in power,” she said.
For those men who stayed, navigating the city has become nerve-wracking.
“I try to drive everywhere, because they can give out draft summons on the street and next to the metro,” said Alexander Perepelkin, a marketing director and the editor of Blueprint, a fashion and culture publication.
Perepelkin stayed in Russia because he felt an obligation to his more than 100 employees to keep the company functioning. But now his offices remind him of the early months of the coronavirus pandemic because of all the missing people. He and his business partners are unsure what to do.
“Marketing is the type of business you do in normal life,” but not in wartime, he said in a posh cafe and coworking space. The cafe was almost entirely filled with women, including a group celebrating a birthday with a class on arranging flowers.
At the Chop-Chop barbershop, Ermilov, the founder, said something similar. In late September, he left for Israel, and he now plans to open a business that has no physical presence in his home country and that is “less exposed to geographic risks.”
Inside Russia, the managers of the barbershops were talking about possibly expanding services that cater to female clients.
“We talk about reorienting the business,’’ said Olya, the manager. “But it is impossible to plan now, when the horizon of planning has changed to about a week.”