How to master the pull-up

I’ve always loved pull-ups, partly out of spite. There is a common fitness refrain that women can’t do them, and I don’t like to be told I can’t do something — especially if the reason is my gender. As a teenager, I pushed lawn-mowers and hauled rocks just to show that being a girl didn’t mean I was weak.
I love how pull-ups make me feel — powerful, strong. There’s nothing like the feeling of lifting yourself up. Pull-ups are also beautiful for their simplicity. They require nothing more than a bar, and engage at least a dozen muscles, from the lats all the way to the glutes. Experts say they improve upper body strength, shoulder mobility and core stability, while helping to hone coordination too.
Doing a pull-up is “an amazing feeling,” said Chilasa King, a powerlifter and coach at LiftedMBK in New York. The exercise boosts confidence and turns heads at the gym, she said. “It’s a simple exercise that’s really hard to do.”
Therein lies the pull-up paradox: pull-ups are simple, but hard, and many people who think they can’t do one really could, if they put in the effort and time.

Everybody has a good chance of achieving a pull-up if they train for it, said Meghan Callaway, a strength coach based in Vancouver, Canada, and creator of The Ultimate Pull-Up Program. Most people who fail to master the pull-up struggle not because they are physically incapable, but because they are not training in the right way, she said. The trick is to focus on proper technique and approach your training with patience and deliberateness.
Focus on form.
The first thing to understand is that pull-ups are a full body exercise. “A lot of people think of a pull-up purely as an upper body exercise and they neglect what is going on from the chest down,” Ms. Callaway said. Your body should be rigid, not slack. What would be easier to move, Ms. Callaway asked, a stiff board, or an equally weighted floppy sandbag? If your torso, hips and lower body are rigid, it makes it a lot easier to lift them than if they’re dead weight. (Kipping pull-ups, done swinging your legs for momentum, are a different exercise altogether, she said.)
Grab the bar slightly greater than shoulder width with your palms facing away from you. (Holding your palms toward you would be a chin-up, a different — and most people say easier — exercise.) Your body should be aligned in a relatively straight line with your feet just slightly ahead of your body so you’re in a very slight arc. It’s better for the bar to be just within reach on your tip toes, but if you’re doing them in a doorway, it’s OK to bend your knees with your feet out behind you, Ms. Callaway said.
To initiate the pull-up, move your shoulder blades toward your spine (think of it as the opposite of shrugging) while simultaneously driving your elbows down toward your ribs. Keep your abs and glutes tight to maintain a rigid body position. As you pull up, don’t reach up with your chin, Ms. Callaway said, but instead keep your chin tucked, your neck in a neutral position and your eyes looking straight ahead.

Practice the components.
Not everyone can do a pull-up the first time. Even before you can do a complete pull-up, you can break the movement down into its component parts and train for each of them. Use these four exercises to help get stronger and more skilled at the essential parts of the pull-up motion.
— Bar Hangs: The first step is to learn how to hang in a rigid position, rather than flaccidly. Ms. King has beginners practice hanging grabbing the bar, engaging their abs and glutes to make their body stiff like a board, and then holding for 30 to 45 seconds.
— Scapula Pull-ups: These are a way to practice the initial pull-up movement. Start hanging on a bar and then engage the muscles in your mid and upper back to move your shoulder blades in toward your spine. As you do this, you’ll feel yourself elevating just a tiny amount. Hold for a moment in this elevated position, then slowly lower yourself to the starting position. Don’t bend your elbows. Your arms should be straight for the entire motion.
— Eccentric Pull-ups: Begin at the top position of a pull-up with your head above the bar (stand on a chair to get up there if you need to) and then slowly lower yourself to a hanging position using a controlled, fluid motion.

— Inverted Rows: This exercise strengthens the back and improves shoulder mobility. Position yourself underneath a weight bar as if about to do a bench press. But instead of lying on a bench, hang from the bar, your heels on the floor. Hold your body in a straight, rigid line and pull yourself up, initiating the movement using your back muscles, rather than your arms. Return to the starting position in a slow, controlled motion. Imagine moving your shoulder blades away from your spine and around your rib cage.
Take your time.
“Be patient,” Ms. King said. Getting your first pull-up “takes time and a lot of consency; it doesn’t happen overnight.” Consency is crucial, she said. “There is no way around this. You have to work at it, week after week and month after month.”
For Casey Johnson, a health and science writer, pull-ups were just one part of a larger quest to get stronger. She’d been weight lifting for about a year before she could finally do one, but it was worth it for the sense of accomplishment in mastering this quintessential show of strength. “No one is required to do pull-ups,” she said. “I have long arms and I’m relatively big, which are both challenges.”
It’s true that pull-ups are easier for some people than for others. “In general, as mass goes up, strength to weight ratios go down,” said Greg Nuckols, founder of StrongerScience.com and a powerlifter who’s held three world records. A tall person is likely to have more mass to pull up than a shorter person, even if they are similarly built. Some may never be able to manage a pull-up, no matter how long they try, and others might decide it’s not worth it.

I will never set any pull-up records with my long arms and legs and taller-than-average height. But I do have a few advantages: good upper body strength from years of cross-country skiing and not too much middle-aged pudge. I still have to work at pull-ups, but the payoff is deeply satisfying.
“Pulling yourself up onto something — a bar, over a fence, up a wall — makes you feel like a superhero,” Ms. Callaway said. Not only that, she added, it also makes the monkey bars at the near playground a little more fun.
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